These self-propelled (SP) AT guns were first employed as infantry support weapons in place of towed antitank guns. Oops! [30], The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. 88. The first aircraft capable of engaging tanks was the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" using dive bombing to place the bomb close to the target. Two aspects of how the Second World War commenced helped to delay development of anti-tank warfare: resignation and surprise. The HEAT warhead was retroactively used to give more power to smaller calibre weapons such as in the conversion of the otherwise limited German 37 mm PaK guns to fire a large shell, called Stielgranate 41, that fitted over the barrel rather than down in it, to a greater range than the Panzerschreck could manage. The Wehrmacht was always trying to stay ahead of the arms race that had developed in the 1930s. Entries are listed below in alphanumeric order (1-to-Z). The most predominant anti-tank weapons at the start of World War II in 1939 included the tank-mounted gun, anti-tank guns and anti-tank grenades used by the infantry, as well as ground-attack aircraft. A large caliber gun was recognized as a tactical necessity to attack machine gun positions and defeat any infantry field pieces found in the trench lines which could easily disable tank track with the HE ammunition. Now the tank lines are a quarter of those numbers. ground to ground anti-tank weapon. Large-caliber guns had a dual purpose or were used only when most necessary. It was during this war that the 65/17 saw its first use as a anti-tank weapon. A 76 mm long-barrel tank cannon was fitted to the Sherman-based M10 and all-new design M18 designs, with the M18 being the fastest-moving American AFV of any type in World War II. In a mobility kill (M-kill), the vehicle loses its ability to move, for example, by breaking a tank track or bogey or damaging the engine; the targeted tank is then immobile, but may retain full use of its weapons (large cannon, heavy machine gun and smaller machine guns) and still be able to fight to some extent. Most were based on the Munroe effect which led to the development of the high-explosive shaped charge. It made an appearance during the Spanish Civil War, as did the Bofors 37 mm developed in Sweden, and used by many early Second World War combatants. Are these weapons gone the way of the saber and longbow? A small team of infantry with a few missiles in a well-concealed position could take on a number of the largest and most expensive tanks. Of the major iconic Soviet weapons of the Second World War, two were made exclusively for anti-tank warfare, the T-34 and the Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik. Instead, self-propelled anti-tank … Urmel Member Posts: 4181 Joined: 25 Aug 2008, 10:34 Location: The late JBond. MANUFACTURERS. This, however, would only be useful against things like helicopters. British tank design was governed by tactical principles which assigned slow but well-protected 'I' tanks to support the infantry, while speedy but lightly armoured Cruiser tanks fought the enemy armour. 87. JOURNAL OF BATTLEFIELD TECHNOLOGY, Ten of the vehicles were overhauled with refurbished engines and received M2 .50-calibre machine-guns in place of the original Browning .30-calibre. With greater use of tanks by both sides it was realized that the accompanying infantry could be forced to ground by ambush fire, thus separating them from the tanks, which would continue to advance, eventually finding themselves exposed to close-assaults by German infantry and sappers. At the battle of Kursk for example, the Red Army deployed more artillery regiments than infantry regiments and towed gun densities reached over 20 guns per kilometer of defended tactical zone. There are a total of [ 35 ] WW2 Anti-Tank Guns (1939-1945)entries in the Military Factory. By late 1942, the Germans had an excellent 50-mm high-velocity design, while they faced the QF 6-pounder introduced in the North African Campaign by the British Army, and later adopted by the US Army. I think we engage 'em out at the fringes of radar detection. Hull and track engineering was largely dictated by the terrain—the need to cross wide trenches—although the relationship between ground pressure and soil-vehicle mechanics was not resolved until the Second World War. There has also been development of medium and large (81mm/82mm/120mm) guided mortar munitions with both internal (e.g., IR or radar) or external (i.e., laser designator) guidance. As to AAA, there is only one anti-aircraft gun system still in US service, using a 20mm Vulcan mounted on an M113. Some of these CLGPs (including the Copperhead) have HEAT warheads instead of common HE. In addition to the inherently short range, they required careful aim to be effective, and those that relied on explosive force were often so powerful that the user had to take cover immediately. Guided anti-tank missiles were first used in a helicopter-borne role by the French in the late 1950s, when they mounted SS.11 wire-guided missiles on Alouette II helicopters. Il-2s could also carry large numbers of 2.5 kg shaped-charge anti-tank PTAB bombs. One solution adopted by almost all European air forces was to use bomb loads for conventional bombers that were composed from small bombs allowing a higher density during bombing. The origins of the anti-materiel rifle go back to the First World War, during which the first anti-tank rifles appeared. It takes a lot of power to turn the wheels of half a car and half of a tank, combined with a load of infantry and friends. It has been retired. In the last thirty years, however, a variety of artillery projectiles have been developed specifically to attack tanks. I’ve never seen anything about anti-tank guns on Jane’s website. They just happen to be attached to tanks. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to develop an anti-tank role, including U.S. M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by M26 Pershing heavy tanks, along with British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks.[35]. Anti-tank rifles were introduced in some armies before the Second World War to provide infantry with a stand-off weapon when confronted with a tank assault. artillery tractors) the anti-tank rifle units helped to separate the supporting infantry (panzergrenadiers) and artillery of the German tanks and so forced the tanks to halt at short distances from the concealed anti-tank guns leaving them exposed to fire from larger, longer ranged anti-tank guns. The British had developed the High-explosive squash head (HESH) warhead as a weapon for attacking fortifications during the war, and found it surprisingly effective against tanks. The destructive effect was reliant entirely on the kinetic energy of the explosion rather than the ballistic speed of the round on the damage inflicted to the armor. Cavalry TOW: Tube-launched Optically-tracked Wire-guided missile. This approach suggested that the tank was the best anti-tank system, and only limited anti-tank troops were required to accompany them. In other words, why tow or drive what’s essentially a large Howitzer to well within the opponents’ gun range, when you can nail 'em with the aforementioned A-10, an Apache, our own tanks or a missile battery, all from well outside their gun range? As to AAA, there is only one anti-aircraft gun system still in US service, using a 20mm Vulcan mounted on an M113. Under the right circumstances,some WW2 tanks could,I think,hold their own against a modern tank.With good cover and concealment,and probably in an urban landscape,or heavily wooded terrain,AND with proper infantry support,some of the later models might have a fighting chance against a modern tank.The 85mm gun on a T-34 or 90mm gun on an M-26 would still pack quite a punch,and … This created a greater chance of causing a direct impact on the thinner top armor of the tank while also having the ability to damage track and wheels through proximity detonation. [40], Rather than developing specialized anti-tank artillery, some nations, including South Africa and Israel, grafted obsolete tank guns onto towed carriages for use in that role.[41]. 1943 . I have a vague idea of the following, but I would like some clarification. Most anti-tank tactics depend on the range effectiveness of various weapons and weapon systems available. Minefields laid with purpose-designed mines were used for the first time, destroying tank tracks, and forcing combat engineers to clear them on foot. However, soon aft… Guns deployed on reverse slopes and in flanking positions could take a toll of attacking tanks. Chinese troops strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. The AT4 is a development of the 84 (get it?) By firing on the lighter armored infantry and support vehicles (e.g. They also were a good way to recycle obsolete Panzer IIs. Because tank crews have limited visibility from inside the tank, infantry can get close to a tank given enough concealment and if the hatches are closed. The Russian Army used a Cold War-era 100mm towed anti-tank gun to help put out an oil well fire in Siberia earlier this week. Anti-tank tactics developed rapidly during the war but along different paths in different armies based on the threats they faced and the technologies they were able to produce. Why carry around more than the bullet if you dont have to. Helicopters could be used as well to rapidly deliver scattered anti-tank mines. The only change to the German anti-tank tactics of the First World War was that now an effective anti-tank weapon was available to support the defending infantry. Sources. But the old ground-based anti-tank guns like the ones I see in World War II pictures are virtually invisible today. The British were preparing the stop lines and the anti-tank islands to slow enemy progress and restrict the route of an attack. Most helicopter-launched ATGWs have sufficient range that they can under the right conditions be fired at a range too long for the tank to retaliate with its own weapons. **. Their large size and loud noise can allow enemy infantry to spot, track and evade tanks until an opportunity presents itself for counter-attack. All of the above, but the CLGP can be fired from medium (122mm/130mm/152mm/155mm) tube artillery and rocket artillery. PTRS-41 semi-automatic anti-tank rifles were also used for sniping since an additional tracer round enabled rapid fire adjustment by the gunner. 68 AT Grenade), to ones that simply contained a lot of explosive (the British No. The British Army accepted for service the (40 mm) Ordnance QF 2 pounder, which was developed as a tank gun. The third, and likely most effective kind of tank destroyer was the unturreted, casemate-style tank destroyer, known by the Jagdpanzer term in German service, or Samokhodnaya Ustanovka in Soviet service for their own designs. Towed anti-tank guns were thought to be the primary means of defeating tanks. AGM-65 Maverick), volleys of unguided rockets, and various bombs (unguided or laser-guided and with or without submunitions such as HEAT bomblets, an example of which would be the CBU-100 Cluster Bomb). The most profound anti-tank technology has been the guided missile, which when coupled with a helicopter can mean that tanks can be engaged beyond ground line of sight (LOS), and at one of their most vulnerable aspect, the top armor. On the whole, thrown anti-tank weapons suffered from a variety of drawbacks. LAW’s the specific name for the M72 (Light Anti-tank Weapon), but I’ve seen it used as a generic term (think ‘kleenex’ or ‘hoover’). The war also saw the creation and almost immediate abandonment of the self-propelled tank destroyer which would be replaced post war by the anti tank guided missile. The tank destroyer was usually based on the hull of existing tank designs, using either a gun integrated into the hull or a fully rotating turret much like that of a conventional tank. Many casemate tank destroyers either originated as, or were dual-purpose vehicles with the duty of a self-propelled gun, which share many (but usually not all) of the same features and layout. There are anti-tank rifles still in action! Bit of a hijack, hope no one minds. Later, due to a shortage of tanks, TDs sometimes replaced the former in offensive armored operations. With rotating turrets and good combat maneuverability, American TD designs generally worked well, although their light armor was no match for enemy tank cannon fire during one on one confrontations. The Soviet Union later adopted this style of self-propelled anti-tank gun or tank destroyer. Molotov cocktails also saw much use, especially in the Winter War, early tanks (such as the T-26) being very vulnerable to them, but later tanks required a well-thrown bottle directly over the engine compartment to have any effect at all. The nature of that armour could be very different in future. Another tactic was to lure the tank beyond the German trench-line, re-establishing it just as the Allied infantry approached. These losses, coupled with those from enemy artillery fire, later amounted to as high as 70% of the starters during some operations. [1] The first developed anti-tank weapon was a scaled-up bolt-action rifle, the Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr, that fired a 13mm cartridge with a solid bullet that could penetrate the thin armor of tanks of the time and destroy the engine or ricochet inside, killing occupants. BY DECADE . Most anti-tank guns were developed in the 1930s as improvements in tanks were noted, and nearly every major arms manufacturer produced one type or another. In the U.S., the 2.36 in (60 mm) M9A1 bazooka rocket launcher evolved into the more powerful 3.5 in (89 mm) M20 "Super Bazooka", which was used to good effect against North Korean armored spearheads during the Korean War. A number of anti-tank weapons could be fitted to the standard variant: the U.S. Army developed kits that allowed the M47 Dragon and BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile systems to be mounted. And there are perfectly good airborne anti-tank guns today; the A-10 Thunderbolt and the AH-64 Apache carry them, Note the airborne there. During the Iran–Iraq War, the Iranian Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh blew himself up under an Iraqi tank with a grenade. In order to penetrate vehicle armor, they fire smaller caliber shells from longer-barreled guns to achieve higher muzzle velocity than field artillery weapons, many of which are howitzers. 1935. make it seem unrealistic I’m going to look for that link The effort to make and field an effective AT gun would be silly when you could use ATGMs instead, which are much easier to move and generally more effective. Tanks were also vulnerable to hand-placed anti-tank mines. For example, a tank may be hit on its main cannon, making the main gun inoperable. In modern times, the RPG-7 is generally used in an urban environment, which would enhance their effectiveness due to the close ranges involved. The Cold War saw thousands of tanks in both West and East Germany lined up for possible battle on the north European plain. Conventional artillery shells were very effective against the tank's thinner top armor if fired in appropriate density while the tanks were concentrated, enabling direct hits by a sufficiently powerful shell. says a LAW can kill a T-80 from a frontal shot, oh and the Apache has a 30mm cannon btw and the A-10 would go for shots at the rear. As the war progressed, this disadvantage often resulted in the loss or destruction of both the antitank gun and its trained crew. I see them all the time on AH-1 attack helicopters at airshows. Anti-tank weapons can damage the tracks or running gear to inflict a mobility kill. This was achieved by mounting a QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss light 57 mm naval gun mounted in the hull barbettes. There is the possibility that it was used as an anti-tank gun there, though given the relative low number of tanks used in that war and the fact that all of them were vulnerable to almost all the guns (of any kind) that were available in Spain at the time, the question remains somewhat dubious. The tank may be on a comeback because of active defense systems, which attack missiles in mid-air. The Red Army was also faced with a new challenge in anti-tank warfare after losing most of its tank fleet and a considerable part of its anti-tank capable cannons. The Australian Army also fitted M40 recoilless rifles to Land Rover Series 2 vehicles for use in an anti-tank role. The use of the tank was primarily based on the assumption that, once they were able to eliminate the German trench lines with their machine gun and Infantry support gun positions, the Allied infantry would follow and secure the breach, and the cavalry would exploit the breach in the trench lines by attacking into the depth of German-held territory, eventually capturing the field artillery positions and interdicting logistics and reserves being brought up from the rear areas. It depends on who “we” are. First fielded in 1942, the Tiger was meant to forge breakthroughs on the battlefield, destroying enemy tanks at long range while shrugging off hits from lesser Allied anti-tank guns. 2. Some examples are the German Sturmgeschütz III – the most-produced German armored fighting vehicle of WW II — and the Soviets' SU-100, itself based on the T-34 tank's hull and drivetrain. An anti-tank gun is a form of artillery designed to destroy tanks and other armored fighting vehicles, normally from a static defensive position. Finally, anti-tank obstacles were prepared on the likely approaches by deepening and widening existing ground cratering, the precursors of the anti-tank trench. Rough terrain may expose the floor armor, and high ground such as multi-story buildings may expose the top armor. After Poland was attacked, its allies in the West were resigned to its defeat by a numerically superior Wehrmacht. Here is one still in action! Man-portable anti-tank systems are showcased here. The Apache’s Hughes 20mm chaingun wouldn’t do more than pester a modern MBT. Then there’s the fact that you can either go for manual aim (Very slow), or powered (Which adds a lot to weight and power requirements). Although these systems allowed infantry to take on even the largest tanks, and, like HEAT, its effectiveness was independent of range, infantry typically operated at short range. Is LAW a generic name for whatever anti-armour tube is currently issued, or is it reserved for the M72 piece-of-crap ? The early TD units used a mix of 37-mm and the 75-mm (M3). Anti-Tank guns should be the primary way for infantry to deal with tanks, AT nades and bazookas should only be used as a last resource and only be effective when well placed at close ranges. Panzerfaust 30. Overall, the LAW was regarded as a success, though its ignition system frequently suffered from misfires in the heat and humidity of Vietnamese jungles. [citation needed]. This meant that, if the TD became immobilized due to engine failure or track damage, it could not rotate its gun to counter opposing tanks, making it an easy target. Fort Sill, OK : US Field Artillery Association, 2002. Once Germany was host to 4,000 tanks and Britain and France over 1,000 each. Anti-tank guns accounted for about 70% of all destroyed German tanks. However, as their size and caliber increased, the guns likewise became increasingly heavy and cumbersome, restricting their role to static defense. BY CONFLICT. Doc, what exactly do you mean by a high-velocity 155mm? And there are perfectly good airborne anti-tank guns today; the A-10 Thunderbolt and the AH-64 Apache carry them. Anti-tank warfare evolved as a countermeasure to the threat of the tank's appearance on the battlefields of the Western Front of the First World War. could be mounted on various vehicles,inc the humvee. The Wz. Earlier this year, the last US battle tanks left Europe’s shores. The 37-mm was the first gun the US Infantry had for anti-tank defence. From March 1943 the Red Army Air Force produced the more agile Yakovlev Yak-9T (37 mm cannon) and K (45 mm cannon) bomber interceptor also used for ground attack, with a single example of either gun in motornaya pushka mounts attached to the engine's gear reduction unit, that had either one of them firing through a hollow-center propeller shaft. Production continued after the war and since 2005, modernized derivatives of the Bofors gun have been manufactured by BAE Systems. In combat, this time was seen as too detrimental by the tank commanders and gunners. Field guns, such as the Ordnance QF 25 pounder, were provided with armor-piercing shot for direct engagement of enemy tanks. Man-portable anti-tank systems are showcased here. The weapon began as idea to use the large quantities of surplus April 28, 2015: Recent events in Ukraine have demonstrated that anti-tank guns can still be useful on today's battlefields. His L-4, named Rosie the Rocketeer, armed with six bazookas, had a notable anti-armor success during an engagement during the Battle of Arracourt on September 20, 1944, knocking out at least four German armored vehicles,[10] as a pioneering example of taking on heavy enemy armor from a lightweight slow-flying aircraft.[11]. Owing to greater sophistication of the tank, and engineering support available to tank units to detect and negate minefields, a considerable effort was made to develop more effective anti-tank mine technology in the effort to deny tank-led formations maneuver space, or channel their movement into unsuitable avenues of approach. Methods used during the Second World War to improve the protection of armored vehicles. Although still being drawn by horses or towed by trucks, towed anti-tank guns were initially much lighter and more portable than field guns, making them well-suited to infantry maneuvers. For a time, it appeared that the tank was a dead end. Our tanks are nearly invulnerable to anything smaller than a high velocity 155mm shell or 100Kg missile warhead. Rheinmetall commenced design of a 37 mm anti-tank gun in 1924 and the first guns were produced in 1928 as 3.7 cm Pak L/45,[5] later adopted in Wehrmacht service as 3.7 cm Pak 36. Are anti-tank guns obsolete? The development of the wire-guided missile, or Anti-Tank Guided Weapon (ATGW) systems came into use in the late 1950s and 1960s that could defeat any known tank at ranges beyond that of the guns of the accompanying infantry. They captured so many Soviet 76.2mm anti-tank guns that they designed an entire weapons system around them, the Marder tank destroyer. Changes in the anti-tank tactics since the Second World War mostly came from the appearance of new technologies, and increased firepower of the infantry mounted on fully armored vehicles. What they came up with was the 5cm Pak 38 with a L/60 barrel (a barrel 60 calibers in length), which met approval for production in 1939. Towed Anti-Aircraft Cannon. All of these light weapons could penetrate the thin armor found on most pre-war and early war tanks. Professor Munroe was detonating different manufactured blocks of explosives on a sheet of armor plating and observed the blocks having the manufacturing letters recessed (vs. raised) cut an imprint of the manufacturing letters into the armor plate—the birth of the shaped-charged explosive which focuses the blast energy caused by an indentation on the surface area of an explosive. In Spain, the anti-tank defense of the Nationalists was organized by the Wehrmacht officers, and the anti-tank guns were incorporated into a system of obstacles that were constructed with the intent to stop an attack by tanks by slowing it down, separating them from supporting infantry (advancing on foot) with machine-gun and mortar fire, and forcing tanks to conduct deliberate head-on assaults with engineer support, or seek a less-defended area to attack. A weapon that could not defeat even a plain steel hulled tank. It's effective range was 1000 yards. Dr. J.R. Crittenden, "RPG-The Devil's Finger". [8] The depth of the penetration, though proportional to the length of the jet and the square root of its density, is also dependent on the strength of the armor. In the Soviet sphere of influence the legacy doctrine of operational maneuver was being theoretically examined to understand how a tank-led force could be used even with the threat of limited use of nuclear weapons on prospective European battlefields. A big drawback for rocket propelled ordinance is that they need to burn most of their propellent before they reach max velocity. The United Kingdom, France, and other NATO countries were among the first to develop such weapons (e.g., the Malkara missile by the UK and Australia in 1958). INFANTRY. The two examples with Matildas suggest that they were vulnerable to 10.5cm but not to the Italian guns, presumably 75mm. So i'm going to combine everything they said into one mega answer. They judged that large numbers had to be employed to sustain an offensive despite losses to mechanical failure or vehicles being foundered in intractable no man's land terrain. The higher velocity, flatter trajectory ballistics provide terminal kinetic energy to penetrate the moving/static target's armor at a given range and contact's angle. The shaped charge concept is officially known as the "Munroe Effect" and was discovered by accident decades earlier by Professor Charles E. Munroe at the U.S. Torpedo Station, Providence, RI. Some tank crews repositioned it to be better used as an anti-personnel weapon, while others simply removed the gun completely. The Flak 88 was a legendary WWII-era anti-air and an anti-tank gun used by Nazi Germany and their allies. However the T-34 really did not reach it’s peak until the introduction of the T34-85 with it’s greatly improved turret and the introduction of radio-communication between vehicles. The former regarded the tank as a mobile artillery system to be used for infantry support. [2] Because tanks represent an enemy's greatest force projection on land, military strategists have incorporated anti-tank warfare into the doctrine of nearly every combat service since. A six-gun battery might be able to fire several hundred submunitions in a minute or two. Absolutely! The missile packs a tandem warhead. If there are big differences in the cost of different types of cruise missiles please identify the kind you are talking about. After the war, research on infantry anti-tank weapons continued, with most designers focused on two primary goals: first an anti-tank weapon that could defeat more heavily armored postwar tanks and fighting vehicles, and second a weapon lightweight and portable enough for infantry use. Panzerfaust 60. Well, maybe a little, but not really. After Soviet T-34 and KV tanks were encountered, these guns were recognized as ineffective against sloped armor, with the German lightweight 37 mm gun quickly nicknamed the "tank door knocker" (German: Panzeranklopfgerät), for revealing its presence without penetrating the armor. [28] A North Korean soldier who exploded an American tank with a suicide bomb named Li Su-Bok is hailed as a hero in North Korean propaganda.[29]. In Germany, these developments eventually culminated in tactics that later came to be known as Blitzkrieg, while in the Soviet Union they formed the core of the deep battle operational doctrine. Weapon systems like the RPG-29 and FGM-148 Javelin use a Tandem warhead where the first warhead disables reactive armor, while the second warhead defeats the shell armor by means of a HEAT or a shaped charge. Anti-tank warfare evolved rapidly during World War II (1939–1945), leading to the inclusion of infantry-portable weapons such as the Bazooka, anti-tank combat engineering, specialized anti-tank aircraft and self-propelled anti-tank guns (tank destroyers). HOME. Various bomb loads can be used depending on what type of tank unit is engaged in at the time or who its accompanying troops are. During the summer of 1944, U.S. Army Major Charles Carpenter managed to successfully take on an anti-armor role with his rocket-armed Piper L-4. 1939. I thought the only thing in that size category were howitzers, and only suitable for anti-tank use when equipped with specialized smart munitions. However, the anti-tank rifle remained in Soviet use during the conflict due to the importance it occupied in its doctrine of anti-tank in-depth defense, first demonstrated during the defense of Moscow and again during the Kursk battles. To give it more firepower against tanks, the RAF mounted two underwing pod-mounted 40 mm Vickers S cannon on the Hawker Hurricane (as the Mk. I meant to start a new thread but well… I messed up. The tactic of ambushing enemy armor at grazing shot distances was perfected during World War 2. 92 under supervision of V. G. Grabin, the chief designer of medium caliber Soviet guns. Also, most LAW-style weapons (Like the M136 AT4, IIRC) accelerate to top velocity very quickly. This is punctuated by the fact that a non-armor element is unlikely to survive “extremly close contact” with an armored one. So has modern tank armor surpassed the ability of a practical ground-based anti-tank gun to penetrate? This was a long process, staring in the 1950s when lighter, more mobile recoilless rifles appeared then by more and more affordable and effective, longer ranged and … as well as shoulder launched. You need a large sight, including TIS to get good visibility. The advantages of mobility and even thin armor protection were so compelling that most armies were using self-propelled AT guns by mid-war. Any field artillery cannon with barrel length 15 to 25 times longer than its caliber was able also to fire anti-tank ammunition, such as the Soviet A-19.
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